Description: Interleukin-4, is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0 cells to Th2 cells). In the presence of IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines that are produced in a Th-2 type response, particularly during allergy and parasitic infections, macrophages become differentially activated, And this cytokine is a ligand for interleukin 4 receptor. The interleukin 4 receptor also binds to IL13, which may contribute to many overlapping functions of this cytokine and IL13. STAT6, a signal transducer and activator of transcription, has been shown to play a central role in mediating the immune regulatory signal of this cytokine. Recently, researcher found that the cytokine IL-4 plays a key role in development of innate CD8+ T cells in the thymus of several gene-deficient mouse strains, including Itk, KLF2, CBP and Id3, without previous exposure to antigen.

Description: Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is also known as HGF, BSF2,HSF, IFNB2 and IL-6, originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates immune responses, hematopoiesis, acute phase responses, and inflammatory reactions.It is secreted by T cells, macrophages , monocytes, fibroblasts,endothelial cells,et.al. to stimulate immune response to trauma, especially burns or other tissue damage leading to inflammation. Interleukin 6 has been shown to interact with interleukin-6 receptor and glycoprotein. IL-6 is relevant to many disease processes such as diabetes,atherosclerosis, depression,Alzheimer's Disease,systemic,lupus erythematosus,prostate cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Advanced/metastatic cancer patients have higher levels of IL-6 in their blood.Hence there is an interest in developing anti-IL-6 agents as therapy against many of these diseases.

Description: Interleukin 7 is also known as IL7, IL-7, and is a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by stromal cells in the red marrow and thymus. It is also produced by keratinocytes, dendritic cells, hepatocytes, neurons, and epithelial cells, but is not produced by lymphocytes. IL-7 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent (pluripotent) hematopoietic stem cells into lymphoid progenitor cells, It also stimulates proliferation of all cells in the lymphoid lineage (B cells, T cells and NK cells). It is important for proliferation during certain stages of B-cell maturation, T and NK cell survival, development and homeostasis. IL-7 is a cytokine important for B and T cell development. This cytokine and the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) form a heterodimer that functions as a pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor. IL-7 binds to the IL-7 receptor, a heterodimer consisting of Interleukin-7 receptor alpha and common gamma chain receptor. Il-7 promotes hematological malignacies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T cell lymphoma). Elevated levels of IL-7 have also been detected in the plasma of HIV-infected patients. IL-7 as an immunotherapy agent has been examined in many pre-clinical animal studies and more recently in human clinical trials for various malignancies and during HIV infection. IL-7 could also be beneficial in improving immune recovery after allogenic stem cell transplant.

Description: Interleukin-29, is a secreted protein which belongs to the IL-28 / IL-29 family, and is a type III interferon. It is also known as cytokine Zcyto21, Interferon lambda-1, IFN-lambda-1, IFNλ1, IL-29 and IFNL1, and is highly similar in amino acid sequence to the IL-28, the other type III interferon. IL28A, IL28B, and IL29, also named interferonλ2 (IFNλ2), IFNλ3, and IFNλ1, respectively, are classII cytokine receptor ligands that are distantly related to members of the IL 10 family (11-13% aa sequence identity) and the type I IFN family (15-19% aa sequence identity). Human IL29 cDNA encodes a 200 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a putative 19 aa signal peptide and a 181 aa mature protein, which is a monomer in solution. It shares 67% and 69% aa sequence identity with human IL28A and IL28B, respectively. IL-29 plays an important role in host defenses against microbes and its gene is highly upregulated in cells infected with viruses and also may play a role in antiviral immunity. Interleukin-29 / IL-29 up-regulates MHC class I antigen expression. It is a Ligand for the heterodimeric class II cytokine receptor composed of IL10RB and IL28RA. The ligand/receptor complex seems to signal through the Jak-STAT pathway.

Description: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages. It is found in synovial cells and macrophages in the tissues.The primary role of TNFα is in the regulation of immune cells. TNFα is able to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNFα production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including major depression, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. Recombinant TNFα is used as an immunostimulant under the INN tasonermin. TNFα can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.

Description: Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is also known as Vascular permeability factor (VPF). VEGFA belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. VEGFA is a glycosylated mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding either freely secreted or cell-associated isoforms, have been characterized. VEGFA is produced by a group of three major isoforms as a result of alternative splicing and if any three isoforms are produced (VEGFA120, VEGFA164, and VEGFA188) then this will not result in vessel defects and death of the full VEGFA knockout in mice.

Description: Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is also known as Vascular permeability factor (VPF). VEGFA belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. VEGFA is a glycosylated mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants, encoding either freely secreted or cell-associated isoforms, have been characterized. VEGFA is produced by a group of three major isoforms as a result of alternative splicing and if any three isoforms are produced (VEGFA120, VEGFA164, and VEGFA188) then this will not result in vessel defects and death of the full VEGFA knockout in mice.

Description: (NT) SARS Spike peptide

Description: (CT) SARS Spike peptide